diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index c174f88..f021d9b 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,52 @@ async function runLoopback(): Promise<void> {
   const config = loadConfig();
   const logger = new Logger(config.LOG_LEVEL);
   const stt = new FasterWhisperSttService(config, logger);
+  let capture = null as ReturnType<typeof spawnLoopbackCapture> | null;
+  let shuttingDown: Promise<void> | null = null;
+
+  const shutdown = async (exitCode: number, reason: string, error?: unknown): Promise<void> => {
+    if (shuttingDown) {
+      return await shuttingDown;
+    }
+
+    shuttingDown = (async () => {
+      if (error) {
+        logger.error(`Shutting down: ${reason}`, error);
+      } else {
+        logger.info("Shutting down", reason);
+      }
+
+      if (capture && !capture.killed && capture.exitCode === null) {
+        capture.kill("SIGTERM");
+      }
+
+      await stt.destroy().catch((destroyError) => {
+        logger.warn("STT destroy failed", destroyError);
+      });
+    })();
+
+    await shuttingDown;
+    process.exit(exitCode);
+  };
+
+  process.once("SIGINT", () => {
+    void shutdown(0, "SIGINT");
+  });
+  process.once("SIGTERM", () => {
+    void shutdown(0, "SIGTERM");
+  });
+  process.once("uncaughtException", (error) => {
+    void shutdown(1, "uncaughtException", error);
+  });
+  process.once("unhandledRejection", (reason) => {
+    void shutdown(1, "unhandledRejection", reason);
+  });
+  process.once("exit", () => {
+    if (capture && !capture.killed && capture.exitCode === null) {
+      capture.kill("SIGKILL");
+    }
+    void stt.destroy();
+  });
 
   await stt.warmup();
 
@@ -53,7 +99,7 @@ async function runLoopback(): Promise<void> {
     },
   });
 
-  const capture = spawnLoopbackCapture(config, logger);
+  capture = spawnLoopbackCapture(config, logger);
   capture.stdout.on("data", (chunk: Buffer) => {
     segmenter.pushChunk(chunk);
   });
@@ -63,29 +109,20 @@ async function runLoopback(): Promise<void> {
       logger.debug("[capture]", text);
     }
   });
+  capture.on("error", (error) => {
+    void shutdown(1, "capture-error", error);
+  });
   capture.on("exit", (code, signal) => {
     logger.warn("capture exited", { code, signal });
+    if (!shuttingDown) {
+      void shutdown(1, "capture-exit");
+    }
   });
 
   console.log("실시간 출력장치 STT를 시작합니다. Ctrl+C 로 종료합니다.");
   console.log(`source: ${config.AUDIO_SOURCE ?? "unset"}`);
   console.log(`model: ${config.WHISPER_MODEL}`);
   console.log(`language: ${config.WHISPER_LANGUAGE}`);
-
-  const shutdown = async (): Promise<void> => {
-    if (!capture.killed) {
-      capture.kill("SIGTERM");
-    }
-    await stt.destroy();
-    process.exit(0);
-  };
-
-  process.on("SIGINT", () => {
-    void shutdown();
-  });
-  process.on("SIGTERM", () => {
-    void shutdown();
-  });
 }
 
 async function main(): Promise<void> {
diff --git a/src/services/python-json-worker.ts b/src/services/python-json-worker.ts
index 3103ec1..c783acf 100644
--- a/src/services/python-json-worker.ts
+++ b/src/services/python-json-worker.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { spawn, type ChildProcessWithoutNullStreams } from "node:child_process";
+import { once } from "node:events";
 import { createInterface } from "node:readline";
 
 import type { AppConfig } from "../config.js";
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ function isFailure<T>(value: RpcResponse<T>): value is RpcFailure {
 
 export class PythonJsonWorker {
   private processRef: ChildProcessWithoutNullStreams | null = null;
+  private shuttingDown = false;
   private readonly pending = new Map<
     string,
     {
@@ -43,12 +45,16 @@ export class PythonJsonWorker {
     if (this.processRef) {
       return;
     }
+    if (this.shuttingDown) {
+      throw new Error(`${this.logPrefix} worker is shutting down`);
+    }
 
     const { command, args } = await resolveWorkerPythonCommand(this.config);
     const scriptPath = resolveWorkerScript(this.scriptName);
 
     this.processRef = spawn(command, [...args, scriptPath], {
       stdio: ["pipe", "pipe", "pipe"],
+      windowsHide: true,
       env: {
         ...process.env,
         WHISPER_MODEL: this.config.WHISPER_MODEL,
@@ -75,6 +81,10 @@ export class PythonJsonWorker {
       }
     });
 
+    this.processRef.stdin.on("error", (error) => {
+      this.logger.debug(`${this.logPrefix} stdin error`, error);
+    });
+
     this.processRef.on("exit", (code, signal) => {
       const error = new Error(`${this.logPrefix} worker exited code=${code ?? "null"} signal=${signal ?? "null"}`);
       for (const entry of this.pending.values()) {
@@ -114,8 +124,34 @@ export class PythonJsonWorker {
     if (!this.processRef) {
       return;
     }
-    this.processRef.kill("SIGTERM");
+
+    const child = this.processRef;
+    this.shuttingDown = true;
+
+    try {
+      child.stdin.end();
+    } catch {
+      // ignore
+    }
+
+    if (!child.killed && child.exitCode === null) {
+      child.kill("SIGTERM");
+    }
+
+    const timedWait = Promise.race([
+      once(child, "exit"),
+      new Promise<null>((resolve) => setTimeout(() => resolve(null), 1500)),
+    ]);
+
+    await timedWait;
+
+    if (child.exitCode === null && !child.killed) {
+      child.kill("SIGKILL");
+      await once(child, "exit").catch(() => null);
+    }
+
     this.processRef = null;
+    this.shuttingDown = false;
   }
 
   private handleStdoutLine(line: string): void {