diff --git a/docker-compose.gpu.yml b/docker-compose.gpu.yml
index 21ae651..16f4efd 100644
--- a/docker-compose.gpu.yml
+++ b/docker-compose.gpu.yml
@@ -8,5 +8,8 @@ services:
               count: all
               capabilities: [gpu]
     environment:
-      MODEL_DEVICE: cuda
+      # MODEL_DEVICE 는 .env 로 덮어쓰기 가능. GPU 빌드라도 PyTorch/CUDA 호환 문제 (예:
+      # 'no kernel image is available for execution on the device') 발생 시 .env 에
+      # MODEL_DEVICE=cpu 를 두고 `docker compose ... up -d backend` 로 회피.
+      MODEL_DEVICE: ${MODEL_DEVICE:-cuda}
       NVIDIA_VISIBLE_DEVICES: all